论民法上的注意义务

无论在英美法系还是在大陆法系,注意义务都是过失判定的基准。民法上的注意义务是义务主体谨慎地为自己一切行为(包括作为和不作为)的法律义务,其核心内容包括行为致害后果预见义务和行为致害后果避免义务。注意义务的产生依据包括制定法、技术规范、习惯和常理、合同或委托、在先行为。在注意义务的体系中,特别要重视以内容为标准的体系构成,还要理清作为注意义务与不作为注意义务,更要突出高度注意义务的地位。在注意义务存在冲突的情况下,其解决规则为依据注意义务的优先性。注意义务有着程度的差异,应当构建“注意程度标准人”以替代“合理人”。我国侵权行为立法应当明确规定注意义务。

On the Duty of Care in Civil Law

Duty of care is always the criterion for judging negligence,in both continental law system and Anglo-American law system.The duty of care in civil law refers to a legal duty for the subject of duty to do activities(both act and omission included)carefully,and its core content includes the duty of foreseeing loss and damage and the duty of avoiding loss and damage.The existence of duty of care is founded on positive law,technical norm,custom and ethics,contract,entrustment and prior behavior.Concerning the system of duty of care,we should pay regard to the system structure which takes content as the criterion,distinguish the duty of positive care and the duty of passive care definitely,and emphasize the status of the duty of full care.When there are conflicts among duties of care,the resolving rule is to look at their priorities.The duties of care differ in degree,so we should establish the concept of “standard persons with different degrees of care” to replace the “reasonable person”.The law of tort of our country should explicitly prescribe the duty of care.