Poland's foreign policy since 1989: the challenges of independence |
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| Institution: | 1. Political Science Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;2. Davis Center for Russian Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;1. Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;2. East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China;2. Division of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, P.O.Box 118, Lund, Sweden;3. Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410075, China;4. School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China;1. Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milan, Italy;2. Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy;1. Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK;2. Centre For Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK;3. Randall Division of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK;4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;5. School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;6. Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;1. Sensometrics & Consumer Science, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, CP 91000 Pando, Canelones, Uruguay;2. Nofima AS, P.O. Box 210, 1431 Ås, Norway |
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| Abstract: | In its first decade of post-communist independence, Poland achieved far more than most dared believe in 1989. Despite domestic political and economic turmoil, it has joined Europe as a new member of NATO and a prospective member of the EU. This article traces the evolution of Polish foreign policy since 1989 over four time periods: First, the early uncertainties from 1989 to 1992 when Warsaw — caught between a reunifying Germany and a collapsing USSR — was intent on solidifying its relations with Central European neighbors. Second, the watershed year of 1993, which witnessed changes in every aspect of Poland's external relations — the demise of Visegrad, first moves toward NATO and EU enlargement, the emergence of serious tensions in Warsaw's relations with the East, especially Russia. Third, the years in the anterooms of Europe from 1994 to 1996, when Poland and its central European neighbors lobbied for early accession to the EU and NATO, while relations with Russia remained in the deep freeze. And fourth, the period since 1997, in which Warsaw has been negotiating its “return to Europe”, joining NATO in 1999 and actively pursuing membership in the EU. These gains have not come quickly or easily; rather, they demonstrate a hard earned consistency in Poland's foreign policy agenda, despite numerous changes in domestic politics, as well as an increasingly realistic vision of the country's place in post-Cold War Europe. |
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