经济法规的合宪性审查标准——基于对美国联邦最高法院判例的考察

对法律文件的违宪审查是我国合宪性审查体系的重要组成部分。在美国的违宪审查实践中,针对法律所涉及的内容,分别存在着合理审查、中等审查和严格审查等不同的审查标准。对于经济领域的法律,一般采用合理审查标准,但近年来在涉及言论自由的经济领域,其审查标准往往会提高。在我国的合宪性审查制度中,如果法院在个案审判中发现法律存在违宪嫌疑时,可以建立向最高人民法院移送的机制,并通过听证程序进行充分论证以决定是否向全国人大常委会提出合宪性审查请求。在审查中,对于我国的经济法律不宜直接采用合理审查标准,而应提高审查标准。

Standards of Constitutional Review of Economic Law and Regulations:Research on Supreme Court Cases of United States

Constitutional review consists of determining whether or not certain legal documents are consistent with the constitution.In the United States,to determine whether a law is unconstitutional a court must analyze the content area of the law,then determine the appropriate review standard such as“rational basis”or“strict scrutiny”and then apply that standard.In the area of economic laws and regulations,typically rational basis review standard has been utilized for constitutional review;however,in recent years,in cases involving freedom of speech within the economic domain,the standard for constitutionality has been gradually getting more stringent.By contrast,constitutional review in China follows a procedure where,during an adjudication of a case,a court may determine that a law might be unconstitutional,at which point that court may forward the constitutional issue to the People’s Supreme Court for resolution.However,within the legal domain of economic law,it has been difficult to directly implement the rational basis review standard and review standards within this framework should be improved.