美国《权利法案》从联邦到各州的适用

1791年美国国会通过了著名的《权利法案》。但是《权利法案》的10条修正案在颁布之初只对联邦政府有约束力,并不适用于各州。1868年美国国会批准《宪法》第14条修正案,即所谓的"正当法律程序",引来《权利法案》与"正当法律程序"的关系之争。本文通过一系列案例,说明了《权利法案》在从联邦到州司法适用的曲折过程。

Application Extension of the U.S. Bill of Rights from the Federal Government to the States

In 1791,the U.S.Congress passed the well-known "Bill of Rights".When it was first enacted,however,Article 10 of the Bill of Rights was not applicable to the states.It had binding force only on the federal government.In 1868,the U.S.Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution,or the so-called "due process".The Fourteenth Amendment led to a dispute about the relationship between the "Bill of Rights" and the "due process".With a series of cases,the article illustrates the tortuous process of the application extension of the Bill of Rights from the federal government to the states.