论一国两制下特区司法管辖权的限制性与完整性——纪念香港回归祖国9周年

在一国两制下,限制性是特区司法管辖权的基本特征,完整性欠缺是特区司法管辖权的现实状态。特区司法管辖权具有国家性、授权性、独立性、冲突性、限制性与完整性的统一等法理属性。特区司法管辖权的限制来自立法、行政、管辖权排除、基本法解释、特别情况、法院自我约束等方面。影响特区司法管辖权完整性的原因有制度建设滞后、法律冲突和协调机制不健全等。一国两制法治实践中出现的“管辖权僭越”违背了特区司法管辖权限制性原则,而制度和机制构建的滞后,也制约了特区司法管辖权完整性的实现。在现有特区基本法法律架构下,防止“管辖权僭越”和保证特区司法管辖权的完整性,应与国家法治建设同步,在既有制度建构中加以改善,需要首先解决一些比较容易解决、对一国两制可能的冲击和震荡较小的制度性、机制性问题,保护和保证特区司法管辖权的完整性,以期用较小的法律和政治代价,换取最大的一国两制效益。

Restriction and Integrity of the Jurisdiction of the Special Region under the Policy of One Country and Two Systems: At the 9th Anniversary of the Returning of Hong Kong to the Mainland

Under the policy of one country and two systems, the jurisdiction of the special administrative region is characterized by restriction while the jurisdiction is not integrated. The legal nature of the jurisdiction of the special region is encompassed by governmentalization, authorization, independence, conflict, restriction, and integrity. The restriction of the jurisdiction comes from legislation, administration, exclusion of jurisdiction, interpretation of the Basic Law, emergencies, and self-constraint of the judiciary. The lack of integrity of the jurisdiction is mainly attributed to the backward institutionalization, conflict of laws and improper coordination. In practice, the restriction may be violated by “ultra vires jurisdiction” while the integrity of the jurisdiction may also be thwarted by the backward system and institutionalization. Within the statutory framework of the Basic Law, the task to prevent unauthorized jurisdiction and to ensure the integrity of the jurisdiction of the special region can only be accomplished by way of improving the existing institutions. Keeping up the pace of building the legal system of the central government, some institutional or mechanical problems that are easier and with less impact on the policy of one country and two systems should at first be solved to ensure the integrity of the jurisdiction of the special administration region. In this the policy of one country and two systems will be mostly benefited at less political and legal cost.