论美国经济制裁中的总统权力边界

美国具有较为完善的经济制裁体系,主要依据《敌国贸易法》和《国际经济紧急权力法》对外实施单边经济制裁。虽然《国际经济紧急权力法》是国会限制总统权力的法律,但是在内容上却给予总统以广泛的行政权力。总统既享有固有的外交权力,又获得国会赋予的对外贸易管制权,而司法部门在涉外问题中基于政治问题和国际礼让原则,并不做司法审查,总统经济制裁的行政权力扩张得到了立法与司法的支撑。在美国经济制裁中,立法权、行政权与司法权受商业利益、个人追求与党派之争的影响,逐渐脱离法治轨道。从宪法授权以及美国经济制裁的发展历程上看,经济制裁措施存在不完全符合宪法等要求的问题,我们在应对美国经济制裁时可从这些问题着手加以研究。

The Power Boundary of President of the United States Under the Economic Sanction

The United States has a relatively complete system of economic sanctions,it implements mainly based on the " Trading with the Enemy Act" and the " International Emergency Economic Powers Act" to implement unilateral economic sanctions. Although the "International Economic Emergency Power Act"is a law that restricts presidential power in Congress,it gives the president extensive administrative power in content,and the president enjoys the inherent diplomatic power and the foreign trade power conferred by Congress. Based on political issues and the principle of "ComitasGentium"in foreign-related issues,judicial review is not conducted,and the expansion of the President’s executive power over economic sanctions is underpinned by legislation and the judiciary. In economic sanctions,legislative,executive,and judicial powers,influenced by commercial interests,personal pursuits,and factionalism,gradually deviate from the rule of law. From the perspective of constitutional authorization and the development of economic sanctions, economic sanctions do not fully comply Issues that are required by the Constitution,and addressing US economic sanctions can begin with these issues.