国际民商事合同中的默示选法问题研究

在国际民商事合同的法律适用问题上,尊重当事人默示选法的意图,得到国内法与国际条约层面的广泛接受。但当事人默示选法在理论上还存在诸多争论。当事人的默示选法应当是对当事人业已存在的默示选法意图之认定,而不是对其选法意图的推定或假设,而且,当事人的默示选法在本质上是明示选法的一种特殊形式。在实践中,据以确定默示选法的因素包括仲裁(法院)选择条款、相关交易中的法律选择条款、在合同中"提及"或"并入"某国法律以及标准格式合同等。在认定当事人的默示选法时,应将上述指示因素以及合同和案件的整体情况综合起来一并考量。现有条约和国内法实践表明,对于默示选法的证明要求问题,各国尚未形成一致做法。我们应该在承认当事人默示选法的前提下,一方面要严格默示选法的证明要求,另一方面要进一步明确默示选法实施过程中应注意的相关难题。

Research on Implied Choice of Law in International Civil and Commercial Contracts

As for the Problems of the law applicable to international civil and commercial contracts,respecting the parties' intention of implied choice of law has been broadly accepted on the levels of domestic law and international treaty law. There are also many academic arguments concerning implied choice of law. The parties' implied choice of law shall be the ascertainment of the parties' actually existing intention rather than presumed intention or hypothetical intention. Furthermore,the parties' implied choice of law should be treated as a special form of express choice of law substantially. In practice,the indicators used to ascertain the parties' implied choice of law include the selection of arbitration( court) clause,the choice of law clause in relevant transaction,the contract referred to a national law or incorporated the above law into the contract as well as the contracts with standard form. In determining the parties' implied choice of law,the above indicators must be considered as a whole with the terms and other circumstances of the contract. Correlative practices on the levels of international treaty law and domestic law have demonstrated that there exists no formed consistency on the problem of the testing requirement of implied choice of law. On the precondition of the recognition of implied choice of law,we should impose strict standard on its proof on the one hand,and further to clarify the difficult questions which should be noticed in the implementation of implied choice of law on the other hand.