略论五代士人“视君犹佣者”的观念

"士"是伴随着每一时代的政治、经济、社会文化思想的发展而发展。但每一时代又各有不同,"士"以不同的面貌出现于世。五代是季世,藩镇根据,战乱不断,士人的生存环境严重恶化。残酷的社会现实使他们背离了他们既有的价值判断,儒家正统的神圣性开始受到他们怀疑,趋时保身的观念主导了他们的行为。他们朝三暮四,忠义观念淡薄,仕多朝、事多君是当时士人间的普遍现象。这种现象的出现与当时的时代大背景有关,也与时人的价值评判标准有关。

On the Concept of Scholars' "Regard the King as Servant"in Five Dynasties and Ten States

The development of ＂Scholar＂ was always accompanied by the evolution of political,economic,social and cultural each time.But with different period,＂Scholar＂ displayed different outlook in the world.Five Dynasties was a last phase with local authorities independent from the central authority and full of continued war.Scholars＇ living environment faced serious deterioration.Harsh social reality forced their ideology deviating from their established value judgments.They began to doubt the sanctity of the Confucian orthodoxy.The idea of complying with dignitary and preserving themselves had been increasingly pervaded.They kept changing their mind,lacked of loyalty,be officials in every dynasty and served many emperors,which had become a general phenomenon at that time.This phenomenon not only related to the background of that time,but also accompanied with current people＇s value criteria.