法律交易论

在一部民法典中对“民事法律行为”作出专门规定,这在法律逻辑上是有问题的。考察所谓“民事法律行为”的由来及其本质,可知产生这样的问题是必然的。因为我们在上个世纪初接受西方法律,特别是德国民法时,并没有完全把握《德国民法典》中法律交易的实质及其整个理论体系,一开始就将法律行为与法律交易混淆,从而导致了一系列理论上的混乱。在德国民法中,法律行为与法律交易是明确区分的,前者的法律后果是法律规定的,而后者的法律后果则是交易人意思指向的。就此而言,法律交易的合法性乃毋庸置疑的题中之义。与此同时,它又必然是民法的核心。因为它既从根本上体现着私人自治和意思自治的法律理念,又从技术和制度上表明着最基本法律活动的最一般抽象。从法律史上考察,这种思路早在古代罗马法中就已现端倪,但最终形成于19世纪德国法学。至于现今我们民法中所谓的“法律行为”或“民事法律行为”,其实就是德国民法中的法律交易。它原本是民法中的一个专属概念,但由于我们原始的概念混淆与误解,才不得不用“民事”加以限定,以至于造成不用“民事”限定就无法区别于法律行为,若用“民事”限定就导致逻辑问题的尴尬与两难。解决这个问题的途径只能是:从整个法律理论,特别是民法理论体系上梳理把握法律交易和法律

On Legal Transaction

No doubt it is a logic problem that we put especially a section of civil legal act in a civil code. From a viewpoint of the development and substance of legal transaction, we would find it is unavoidable for us to meet with such a problem, because we really didn't catch the key point of legal transaction, when China received the west legal system at the turn of the 19th. to 20th. century. We have been confusing the legal transaction with the legal act since the beginning. As a matter of fact, legal transaction is definitely different from legal act in the German civil law. The legal effect of legal transaction is what a party intends to get, but the legal effect of legal act is what ruled by law. In this case, legal transaction must be legitimate. Furthermore, the legal transaction is what a party intends to get, but the legal effect of legal act is what ruled by law. In this case, legal transaction must be legitimate, Furthermore, the legal transaction is a keystone of whole civil law, because it is the reflection of private autonomy and the most general abstract of all civil activities. Historically speaking, we can see the modem legal transaction originated from the ancient Roman law, but eventually formed in Germany around the 19th. century. The so called legal act by us here is actually Rechtsgesceaft in we want to resolve the problem, it means we have to grasp the theory of legal transaction from a viewpoint of civil legal system as a whole,and to divide legal transaction and legal act from each other, and eventually to rule legal transaction instead of legal act in our civil codification.