让尾巴摇狗：美国情态证据实证研究

情态证据指的是在庭审时,被告人或证人等的面部、声音或身体等各部分及其整体上表现出来的能够证明案件真实情况的材料。情态证据至今仍被（西方）法律认可为判断证人可靠性的重要基础,在现代司法中起着至关重要的作用。确保审判者能够观察证人作证时情态的机会,为公开审判（开庭审判）提供了历史的和现代的正当性。在美国司法体系中,陪审团可以合法运用证人席上证人的情态证据;对于证人席外情态证据的使用则在实际上存在,法律上没有形成统一而稳定的规范。法官可以在证据排除、藐视法庭罪、量刑、听证、案件事实判断和陪审团选择程序中使用情态证据。检察官可以在辩诉交易和量刑建议、陪审团候选人＂无因排除＂和审判程序中合理使用情态证据。律师在诉讼过程中不仅从法律意义上,更从诉讼策略意义上运用情态证据。

Let Tails Wag Dogs:On the Empirical Research of Demeanor Evidence In American Justice

Demeanor evidenve is the fact which are shown by the defendants or witnesses through faces,voices and gestures in the courtroom.In the American judicial system,the jury can use the demeanor evidence which are shown on the witness stand legally.The use of demeanor evidence which are shown form the courtroom outside the witness stand is existed practically,but unfounded in the law.Judges can use demeanor evidence in the process of evidence exclution,contempt of court,sentence,hearing,judgement of facts and jurors choice.Prosecutors can use demeanor evidence in the process of plead guilty,sentencing advices,jurors choice and prosecution.Lawyers can use demeanor evidence through legal process and defence tactics.