优先权制度在我国的现实与理想

立足于对象特殊性和法定优先受偿性两个核心内容,优先权成为由法律直接规定的特种债权的债权人就债务人的一般或特定财产优先受偿的权利。由于一般优先权欠缺担保物权的特定性,而特别优先权却较为完全地具备了担保物权的法律属性,从本质上讲,一般优先权归属于债权而特别优先权归属于担保物权。优先权制度以追求实质正义为最高价值目标并以追求秩序和谐为基本价值目标。作为一项不依时间评价而依原因评价的权利,优先权相互间以及优先权与担保物权之间的顺位问题依赖于立法者通过价值判断所作出的立法选择。我国在引入优先权制度时,应当采取普通立法与特别立法相结合的立法方案设立一般优先权并保留部分特别法上的优先权,同时将普通法上的特别优先权吸收到现有的担保物权体系中。

Reality and Ideality of Priority in China

Priority,with its grantee satisfying special conditions and prior repayment as its two core contents,is an established right to such precedence that a creditor has the right,arising from the special nature of the debt,to have a claim paid before other creditors with the same debtor's common or special property.Since general priority is without security interest,by nature it is deemed to be an obligation.In comparison,special priority,with security interest,is held to be a secured real right.The highest goal of priority is to obtain essential justice while its general aim is to maintain order and harmony.While establishing priority,it is not the sequence of time but cause that mat- ters.Legislators should decide the sequence between priorities and the sequence between priority and security inter- est in accordance with their respective value.While making priority law,we should consider both general and special law,i.e.establish general priority with general law and reserve part of special priority provided by special law.At the same time,we should incorporate some special priority in general law into the existing security interest regime.