法律行为生效要件体系的重构

我国民法理论认为,法律行为生效需具备成立要件与有效要件;法律行为成立后,是否有效不明,只有再符合有效要件,才能发生法律效力。然而,无论是从成立要件关涉保障自治、有效要件关涉限制自治,还是从成立要件具有肯定性、有效要件具有否定性,甚或从诉讼法上成立要件事实由主张法律行为上权利者举证、有效要件事实由否认法律行为效力者举证的角度来看,此种"正面"、"并列"规定有效要件与成立要件的做法均有不妥。通过建立"成立推定有效"规则,并使积极性的"有效要件"转变为消极性"效力阻却事由",可改进这些弊病。这一方案厘清了各种影响法律行为生效的因素之间,以及其与私人自治的私法主导原则之间的意义脉络,并藉"成立要件+效力阻却事由"的制度构造建立了法律行为生效的"要件体系",从而凸显了私人自治对法律行为效力发生的决定性作用,并使私人自治获得体系性实现。

Restructuring the System of Essential Elements for the Effectiveness of Legal Acts

The Chinese civil law theory believes that the legal acts coming into force need the key elements of establishment and the key elements of effectiveness;after a legal act is established and it is uncertain whether it is effective or not,can it has legal effect only if the key elements of effectiveness are met.However,no matter from the perspectives of the key elements of establishment concerning autonomy safeguard,the key elements of effectiveness concerning autonomy limitation,or the key elements of establishment having positiveness,the key elements of effectiveness having negativity,or even the party claiming the rights on legal acts having the burden of proving the fact of key elements of establishment under procedural law and the party disclaiming the effectiveness of legal acts having the burden of proving the fact of key elements of effectiveness under procedural law,the way of defining the key elements of establishment and the key elements of effectiveness by "positiveness" and "juxtaposition" regulations is inappropriate.These defects can be addressed through setting up the rule of "establishment presumed to be effective" and making the positive "key elements of effectiveness" transformed into the negative "facts and causes preventing effectiveness".The proposal clarifies definitional connections between various elements influencing the effectiveness of legal acts and between them and the leading principle of private autonomy under private law,and sets up the "key elements system" of the effectiveness of legal acts based on the institutional construction of "the key elements of establishment + facts and causes preventing effectiveness",with a view to highlighting the decisive role that private autonomy plays in the effectiveness of legal acts and making private autonomy realized systematically.