刑事缺席审判程序的理论检视

最高立法机关将缺席审判程序引入《刑事诉讼法》,既应遵守国际共识,又须彰显中国特色。改革者宜遵循"凸显权利属性、淡化义务属性"的思路,尊重被追诉人明示或者暗示放弃出庭受审权利的意愿,进而采取二元化的方案。其一,针对简单轻微犯罪案件,以认罪认罚从宽制度改革为契机,允许被追诉人以签署具结书的形式放弃审判在场权,实现书面审理与缺席审判的"合二为一"。其二,针对重大贪污贿赂犯罪案件,慎重地权衡国家公共利益与被追诉人利益的关系,采取"四步走"的规划,最大限度地实现制度反腐的法治化。同时,完善缺席审判程序立法规则还要明确"五个区别",涉及弃权自愿性审查、被追诉人诉讼权利、审理活动、司法救济途径、被害人权益等方面。

The Theoretical Review of Criminal Procedure of Trial in Absentia in China

The supreme legislature introduces procedure of trial in absentia into the Criminal Procedure Law should not only abide by international consensus but also highlight Chinese characteristics.The legislative strategies should"highlight the awareness of rights and weaken the awareness of obligations"and respect the willingness of the defendant to expressly or implicitly waive the right to appear in court,and then taking a dualistic approach.Firstly,for simple minor crimes,taking a plea to guilty and sentencing from the reform of the leniency system as an opportunity to allow the accused to waive the right of trial presence in the form of a letter of conclusion,and realizing the combination of written-trials and trials in absentia;Secondly,in light of heavy criminal cases of corruption and bribery crimes,carefully weighing the public interests of the state and the interests of the defendant,and the"four-step"plan is adopted to maximize the rule of law of the system against corruption.At the same time,the rules of trial in absentia must be clearly defined in the"five distinctions",including the voluntary review of abstentions,the rights of the person being prosecuted,the basic process of absent trials,the creation of relief channels,and the protection of the interests of victims.