德国法院体系探析

德国特色法院体系的形成与演变有其深刻的社会历史背景,首先是文化传统,其次是经济体制,第三是工人运动。德国的法院系统由宪法法院、普通法院和专门法院三类组成。宪法法院专门审理违宪案件;普通法院只审理刑事案件和民事案件;专门法院包括(普通)行政法院、财政法院、劳动法院、社会法院、专利法院、军事法院和惩戒法院等。除了(普通)法院和宪法法院具有独立地位外,其他法院均隶属于政府有关部门。德国行政审判权由各级行政法院与劳动法院、社会法院、财政法院等共同行使。专门法院的性质介于行政机关与司法机关之间,但行政机关的性质更多(本质上属于行政司法)。

On the System of German Courts

The system of German courts bears a distinctive mark of history in the process of its formation and development. It is greatly influenced by cultural heritage, economic system and trade union movements. German courts consist of the constitutional court, the common court and the special court. The constitutional court has the jurisdiction over violations of the Constitution, while the common court has the jurisdiction over general criminal and civil cases. The special courts include the administrative court, the finance court, the labor court, the social court, the patent court, the court- martial, etc. Apart from the constitutional court and the common court, all courts are not independent form the executive, but subject to corresponding administrative departments. By nature, special courts are quasi- administrative and quasi- judicial, but they are of more administrative characteristics.