公平责任、损失分担与民法典的科学性——《民法典》第1186条之“来龙”与“去脉”

《民法典》第1186条对原《侵权责任法》第24条作出重大修正,将"可以根据实际情况"修正为"依照法律的规定",从而完全改变了公平分担损失规则的适用机理。立法者作出此项修正之目的,在于进一步明确公平分担损失规则的适用范围,统一裁判尺度,避免法官的自由裁量尺度过宽等弊端。为此,在司法适用中有必要对"法律的规定"之文义予以目的性限缩,即其仅指《民法典》或其他法律中有关公平分担损失的具体规定或特别规定,而不包括其中的原则性规定,尤其是不应包括内容抽象、空洞的"公平原则"。侵权法有其自身的原理和逻辑,其并非解决受害人救济问题的"灵丹妙药"。妥善解决受害人保护和损失分担问题的根本途径,在于建立和完善多元化的受害人救济体系。

Equitable Liability,Loss Sharing and Science of Civil Code

Article 1186 of Civil Code made a radical amendment to Article 24 of Tort Liability Law,changing"according to actual conditions"to"in accordance with the provisions of law",thus completely changing the application mechanism of the fair loss sharing.The purpose of this amendment is to further clarify the scope of application of the rule of fair loss sharing,unify the standard of judgment,and avoid the disadvantages of excessive discretion of judges.For this reason,in judicial application,the literal meaning of"the provisions of law"must be interpreted in a constrained manner in line with the legislative purpose,that is,it only refers to the specific provisions or special provisions of the Civil Code or other laws on fair loss sharing,and does not include legal principle,in particular,should not include the ambiguous"fair principle".Tort law has its own principles and logic,and it is not a"magic bullet"to solve the problem of victim relief.The fundamental way to properly solve the problems of victim protection and loss sharing lies in the establishment and improvement of a diversified system of victim relief.