组织进化视野下对企业刑事归责模式的反思

我国传统企业刑事归责模式的典型特征在于:一方面,其包含了企业和企业成员两个主体的归责,另一方面,企业归责适用的是以特定企业内个人犯罪行为为处罚根据的同一视原则。虽然该模式与我国早期单一科层制企业形态相适应,但随着组织形态的进化,企业规模扩大,内部权力去中心化以及组织结构复杂化,企业犯罪出现了不同于我国早期企业形态下新的特征。为此,传统企业归责模式不仅难以公正地对企业及其成员进行归责,还会造成组织无责、惩罚效果不理想等一系列不利后果。在法人社会下忽略对企业组织犯罪的控制需求并不现实,法人刑事责任拟制论应当被否定。相反,有必要构建与企业成员归责路径相分离的、以企业自身过错为处罚依据的组织责任模式。应当依据功能对等原则对组织责任模式进行构建,维持刑法体系的逻辑严谨性,并遵守刑法的罪责原则。

The Reflection on Model of Attributing Criminal Liability to Enterprises from the Perspective of the Evolving Organization

The typical characteristics of the traditional mode of attributing criminal liability to enterprises in China are as follows:on one hand,it contains attribution of criminal liability to an enterprise and staffs of such enterprise;on the other hand,the principle of identity with a criminal conduct of an individual within a certain enterprise as the foundation for punishment is applied in the corporate attribution.Although such mode is consistent with the previous single-layer enterprise pattern of China,with the evolution of organizational mode,the enlargement of enterprise size,the decentralization of internal power and complication of organizational structure,corporate crimes have shown new characteristics which are different from those under the previous enterprise pattern.Thus,under the traditional mode of cooperate criminal attribution,it is hard to fairly attribute criminal liability to an enterprise and staffs of such enterprise,and it is also likely to produce a series of bad consequences such as no liability imposed on an organization and unsatisfactory effect of punishment.In addition,it is unrealistic to overlook the need of controlling corporate organizational crimes,thus the theory of criminal liability imposed on a legal person through legal fiction should be denied.On the contrary,it's necessary to construct a mode of organizational liability that is separated from the attribution approach for staffs of an enterprise and takes the enterprise's own fault as the foundation for punishment.Finally,this model should be constructed according to the principle of functional equivalence,to maintain the logical rigor of the criminal law system and the principle of culpability in criminal law.