法律定性与经济分析——评兰德斯与波斯纳的《侵权法的经济结构》

兰德斯与波斯纳的《侵权法的经济结构》是本集大成之作,但其以管制的投入产出模型去分析具自治本质的侵权法,必然是失败的。在大多数情况,兰德斯与波斯纳将防害投入仅限于物理资源,因此交易成本以及冲突活动间的价值抵换,都被排除在考虑之外。但问题是,前者正是制度选择的基础,而后者则是正确计算社会损失的保证,因此其模型就空空如也。其结果是:一、将侵害人的效益加入了故意侵权之分析;二、在分析各种赔偿责任制的利弊时,混淆了(事前)无责任制与(事后)个案中侵害人的无庸负责;三、在过失认定时,恰好颠倒了侵害人应适用的高低标准。漠视法律定性(基于制度分工),经济分析将无所附丽。

Legal Classification and Economic Analysis

The Economic Structure of Tort Law by William M.Landes and Richard A.Posner is a comprehensive book,but the approach of analyzing tort law which in nature is autonomy by the regulatory model of input and output is definitely failure.In most cases,the book regards input only as material resources,so the transaction cost and value exchange between conflicting activities are out of the consideration.The question is that both the two factors are very important and could not be neglected.The result therefore is,1,make the efficiency of the infringer into the analysis of intentional tort;2,in the analysis of the pros and cons of all types of tort liability,the system of no liability before the matter happens and not necessary to be liable in specific cases are blurred;3,in the recognition of fault,the standard applicable to infringer are upside down.Without legal classification based on institutional division,economic analysis is not possible.