领事保护与外交保护的“融合”与判别

无论是在理论上还是在实践中，领事保护和外交保护都是一个较难明确区分的问题。“是否用尽当地救济”是区分二者的关键标准。然而，很多混淆的产生是与国家责任条款的变化、对国家责任的产生存在误解，以及对外交保护的实体权利和程序条件不分有关。由于国家责任条款和外交保护条款的双重影响，传统领事保护与外交保护当中，出现了部分交融的趋势。这种融合，实际上就是部分外交保护转化为领事保护，这就扩展了领事保护的范围，提升了领事保护的程度，使得海外公民的权利更能得到及时的保护和补救。

A Study of the Integration and Identification of Consular Protection and Diplomatic Protection

Identity is the source of national interests, restricting the country＇s foreign policy in two ways. In the light of the Arabic identity on the Iraq＇s foreign policy, Iraq＇ s diplomacy can be divided into three stages： the Pre-Saddam era, the Saddam period and the Post-Saddam era. In the three stages above, other identities like Kurdish ethnic identity, religious identity of Islam, Sunni and Shiite sectarian identity also have prominent impact on Iraq＇ s foreign policy. The absence of a common national identity leads to the uncertainty and inconsistency in Iraq＇s foreign policy. The way for Iraq to eradicate civil war and improve its international credit is to reconstruct its national identity and carry out diplomacy in such identity.