论企业数据权益的法律保护——基于数据法律性质的分析

在互联网与大数据时代,数据已经成为企业的重要资产,对企业数据权益应当进行合理保护。但对企业数据不宜进行绝对化与排他性的财产权保护,因为此种保护违背数据的基本特征——数据并不具有排他性与竞争性。保护企业数据权益应当以促进数据共享为目标,企业数据的合理保护应当有利于促进数据共享。对企业数据应当进行类型化与场景化保护。对于非公开的企业数据,应当提供商业秘密保护;对于半公开的数据库数据,应当提供类似欧盟的数据库特殊权利保护;对于公开的网络平台数据,应当采取竞争法保护,避免恶性搭便车行为。法律还应当为企业主动公开的数据提供特殊类型的保护,允许企业设置白名单与黑名单。此外,法律也应当协调保护个人数据与企业数据,在优先保护个人数据的前提下,实现个人数据隐私期待与企业数据权益的共赢。

On Legal Protection of Enterprises'Data:Analysis Based on the Legal Nature of Data

In the era of Internet and big data, data has become an important asset of enterprises, and the rights and interests of enterprises’ data should be reasonably protected. However, it is inappropriate to protect the absolute and exclusive property rights of enterprise data, because such protection violates the basic characteristics of data. Data are not scarce resources, and they are not exclusive and rivalry. Protecting the rights and interests of enterprise data should be aimed at promoting data sharing;reasonable protection of enterprise data is conducive to promoting data sharing. Enterprises’ data should be protected according to different types of data and different context. For non-public enterprise data, we should adopt trade secret protection;for semi-public database data, we should provide the sui generis database protection;for the open Internet platform data, we should adopt competition law to protect and avoid vicious free-rider behavior. The law should also provide special types of protection for data that enterprises actively disclose, allowing enterprises to set up white and black lists. In addition, the law should also coordinate the protection of personal data and enterprise data, and achieve a win-win situation between personal data privacy expectation and enterprise data rights and interests on the premise of giving priority to the protection of personal data.