乌克兰民粹主义的特征及影响(2000-2019年)

乌克兰自独立以来,政治民粹主义伴随其政治经济转型进程不断蔓延加剧。进入21世纪,虽然民粹主义政党和运动出现仅十几年,但乌克兰已然成为后苏联空间中遭遇民粹主义浪潮席卷的突出案例。在经历了2014年的政治危机和持续的顿巴斯冲突后,乌克兰政治逐步进入了民粹主义全面盛行的新阶段。乌克兰民粹主义相较整个欧洲区域具有一些显著的特征,主要表现在:反精英和反建制的极端化,强烈的反民主属性和家长制政府偏好,分裂矛盾的意识形态,过度渲染和营造社会危机,以及盲目的区域一体化期待。究其成因,可归结于该国历史上对统治精英"外来化"的认知,独立后缺乏新的民族国家认知与主流意识形态,"团结主义"的政治文化传统,以及整个社会对阶层分化和等级制度的共识。这种特殊的民粹主义,将对乌克兰政治持续产生一系列负面影响。

Characteristics and Influences of Populism in Ukraine(2000-2019)

Since Ukraine’s independence, political populism has continued to spread along with its political and economic transition. In the new century, there has just been over a decade since populist parties and movements appeared. Nevertheless, Ukraine has become a prominent case in the post-Soviet space which has been swept by populist waves. After the 2014 political crisis and the ongoing Donbass war, Ukrainian politics has gradually entered a new stage of populism. Compared with other European countries, Ukrainian populism has some significant characteristics, including going extremes in anti-elites and anti-establishment, strong anti-democratic attributes and patriarchal government preferences, contradictory ideologies, excessively sensationalizing and giving rise to social crises, blind expectation for regional integration. The reason could be attributed to several aspects, namely, its perception of the "externalization" of its ruling elites, the lack of new nation-state awareness and mainstream ideology after its independence, the political and cultural tradition of "unity", in addition to the social consensus regarding stratification and hierarchy. This particular populism has continuously had a series of negative effects on Ukrainian politics.