俄罗斯中央与地方关系嬗变的宪法逻辑考察

俄罗斯中央与地方关系是保证国家稳定发展的重大问题。俄罗斯联邦宪法及具有宪法性法律文件是调整中央与地方关系的重要载体。从动力上,中央和地方对宪法的凝聚力是在强总统推动下逐渐实现的,总统—威权体制是中央与地方关系嬗变的动力;从趋势上看,中央与地方关系结构从分散联邦制走向了集中联邦制,职权从地方向中央聚集,并最终集中于总统;从控制上看,中央对地方官员的问责从横向政治问责转变为垂直行政问责,中央控制地方的重要手段是问责,对地方最高官员问责的提出与决定权集中于总统。实践证明,完全照搬西方的联邦制并没有带来国家的统一和安定,建立符合俄罗斯国情和现代化要求的联邦体制是中央与地方关系模式的基石,明确中央与地方权责的合理边界,是二者关系的核心;顺应民主法治化潮流,注重以法治方式构建长效稳定的关系格局,加大权力制约力度,这是维护良性关系的重要保障。

A Constitutional Study on the Evolution of the Relationship Between Central and Local governments in Russia

The relationship between central and local governments is an important issue to ensure the stable development of the country.The constitution of the Russian Federation and its constitutional legal documents are important carriers for adjusting the relationship between the central and the local governments.The evolution of the relationship between central and local governments in Russia from the perspective of constitution reflects the distinctive Russian characteristics.In terms of motivation,the cohesion of the central and local governments to the constitution is gradually realized under the promotion of the strong President.From the point of view of the trend,the structure of the relationship between the central government and the local government changed from decentralized federalism to centralized federalism.From the perspective of control,the accountability of the central government to local officials has changed from horizontal political accountability to vertical administrative accountability.The important means for the central government to control local officials is accountability.As a large country transforming from tradition to modernity,the relationship model between central and local governments in Russia is also in development and change.The fact has proved that the federalism completely copying from the West has not brought national unity and stability.The establishment of a federal system in line with Russia's national conditions and the requirements of modernization is the cornerstone of the relationship between the central government and the local government.Following the trend of democracy under the rule of law,focusing on building a long-term and stable relationship based on the rule of law,and increasing check on power are an important guarantee for maintaining sound relations.