中国古代的判例研究:一个学术史的考察

春秋战国以前的判例研究,由于史料的局限,无从考证。春秋战国以后,中国古代的判例研究经历了秦汉、唐宋和明清三个时期。秦汉时期进行了对判例的系统整理,并确立了“集类为篇,结事为章”的判例编撰体例。唐宋时期已出现判例研究集,郑克《折狱龟鉴》最有代表性。判例研究立足制定法的原则、精神,总结审判经验,介绍办案技巧,提高办案质量,克服制定法疏漏。明清时期杨昱所著《牧鉴》,创立了经(经义)、史(判例)和论(评论)三位一体的判例研究模式。出现了以薛允升《读例存疑》为代表的比较系统的判例研究的专门著述。中国古代的判例研究,侧重于总结司法经验,启迪法官智慧,服务立法改革。判例研究与传统律学保持了相同的风格,带有强烈的经验色彩。中国古代未能在判例形成与适用的程序、判例适用的技术方法、判例效果的系统评价等领域,进行抽象、归纳、概括,上升到理论高度,并发展为系统的判例学说。

Ancient China's Case Law Research

Ancient China's case-law research can be divided into three phases,that is Qin-Han,Tang-Song and Ming-Qing.In Qin-Han phase case-law was arranged systemically and editing principles of case-law established.Tang-Song phase developed case-law research collections such as written by Zhen Ke.In Ming-Qing phase, written by Yang Mu established a case-law research mode which includes classics(Jing),cases(Shi)and case review(Lun),and a special case-law research book written by Xue Yunshen appeared.Ancient China's case-law research emphasized the summing up of judicial experiences,inspiring judges' wisdom and serving the judicial reform.However,Ancient China's case-law research did not developed into a systematic case-law doctrine.