跨国诉讼追索流失文物的法律困境——基于查巴德诉俄罗斯政府案的分析

追索流失文化遗产的国际实践由来已久,其中通过诉讼的途径进行追索,但通常的诉讼途径为原文化财产来源国在文化市场国内对个人或团体提起诉讼,而在查巴德（Chabad）案中,俄罗斯作为文化财产的来源国却被迫参与到诉讼中,而其所依据的国有化法案却成为文化财产返还的障碍.诉讼结束后,俄罗斯拒绝对法院的判决予以执行,直接导致了两国在文化和外交上的冷战.本文以查巴德案为视角,分析在跨国追索流失文物案件中最突出的两个问题——国家的管辖权与判决的执行问题,并对诉讼以外的其他追索途径进行述评,以期为我国境外文物追索提供借鉴.

The Legal Dilemma of Litigation to Recover the Lost Cultural Relics

The international search for lost cultural treasures has been going on for a long time, many searches taking the path of litigation, but usually litigation process take is taken against a person or group by the originating country of the cultural property, but in the Chabad case Russia, as the originating country for of cultural property was forced to participate in litigation, during which evidence of the nationalization of the property became on obstacle to the properties return. At the end of the litigation, Russia refused to enforce the decision,and directly caused a cultural and diplomatic cold war between the two countries. This paper tries to use the Chabad case as an angle to analyze the most prominent problems in cross border lost cultural relic reclamation cases, national jurisdiction and decision enforcement, and evaluate avenues for cultural relic reclamation outside of litigation, and provide a reference for China reclamation of cultural relics abroad.