美国联邦政府的煤矿安全生产监管制度研究

中美两国都是世界上最主的煤炭生产国和消费国.但是,两国的煤矿安全状况却存在较大差异.除了煤炭产业结构、技术水平和资源禀赋等因素之外,煤矿安全监管法治建设也是导致这一差异的重原因.美国煤矿安全生产立法经历多轮修订,不断纠正历次重大煤矿事故暴露出的监管缺陷,建立起独立高效的煤矿安全监管体系,完善煤矿安全监察和事故调查程序,优化了法律责任和执法机制.此外,煤矿安全监察员和煤矿从业人员的强制培训制度,也可以有效加强监管机构的监管能力和监管对象的合规水平.而美国矿山安全和健康委员会独立负责的行政复议,有效保障了对行政执法行为的纠错和对相对人的救济功能.这些经验值得中国参考借鉴.

On the Federal Coal Mine Safety Regulation in the United States

Both China and U. S. are major coal producers and consumers. However, the conditions of coal mine safety are very different in the two countries. Besides factors such as industrial structure, technological progress and resource reserves, the rule of law in coal mine safety regulation is also a leading cause. The legislations of coal mine safety in U. S. have experienced several major overhauls to fix the regulatory loopholes exposed by severe coal mine accidents. In the meanwhile, independent and highly efficient coal mine safety regulatory institutions have been established; inspection and investigation procedures have been improved;and the penalty structure and enforcement mechanisms have been optimized. Moreover, the mandatory training programs for coal mine inspectors and employees lead to higher regulatory capacity and compliance level. The independent review system, conducted by the Mine Safety and Health Review Commission, has effectively corrected the errors in legal enforcement and provided remedies to the regulated parties. China can benefit significantly from these experiences.