中国伦理传统的“德治”与“治德”

自周初德治主义的萌芽至汉朝中国伦理传统“德治”模式的确立，其间历经管仲以法为主的德法结合论、孔子的以德治国论、荀子的礼法并重论等治国理论。然而，基于批判秦朝“法治”实践发展起来的汉朝治国模式，在“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”的背景下走向了纯伦理化的“德治”。与之相应，其培养“德治”主体道德素质的“治德”范式呈现为片面的伦理型特征。自汉至清历朝历代由盛而衰的“德治”循环实践证明：伦理型“治德”前提下的“德治”陷入了“德治”悖论。化解“德治”悖论，实现国家长治久安的选择是全面认识、借鉴吸收先秦时期诸子百家的治国理论及其“治德”范式，促进“治德”的伦理制度化。

"Rule by Virtue" and "Governance Ethics" of China's Traditional Ethics

From the budding for the rule of virtue in the early Zhou Dynasty to the establishment of the rule of virtue＂ mode of the ethical tradition of the Han Dynasty in China, during the period there are many rule theories such as Guan Zhong＇s law - based theory of combination of moral and law, Kong Zi＇s theory of rule by virtue, Xunzi＇s theory of equal emphasis on etiquette and law. However, based on criticism of the practice ＂the rule of law＂ of the Qin Dynasty, the rule model of the Han Dynasty, under the background of ＂deposed 100, Confucianism only＂, developed into the pure ethics of ＂rule by virtue. ＂ Accordingly, its ＂governance ethics＂ paradigm culturing moral quality for the subject of ＂rule by virtue, has the one - sided feature. The cycle Practice from prosperity to decline for＂ rule of virtue＂ since the Han Dynasty to the Qing dynasty, has proved that ： the ＂rule by virtue＂ under the premise of ethics - based ＂governance ethics＂ has gone into a ＂rule by virtue＂ paradox. To resolve the ＂rule by virtue＂ paradox, achieve long -term stability of the country, we should comprehensively understand absorb various rule theories of the pre- Qin period and the ＂governance ethics＂ paradigm, and promote the ＂governance ethics＂ institutionalized.