论美国《外国人侵权法令》诉讼中的管辖权

建国初期,美国国会制定《外国人侵权法令》,授予联邦法院对违反国际法或美国缔结的条约的侵权诉讼行使管辖权,希望新生的美国赢得外交尊重。20世纪60年代,美国民权运动蓬勃发展,涉及外国的国际民事纠纷成倍增长。在人权利益团体的努力下,加上美国法律制度中方便原告起诉的具体规则等因素,《外国人侵权法令》引起美国学界和司法界的广泛讨论。总体而言,《外国人侵权法令》对人管辖权和事项管辖权的范围一直不断扩张,美国联邦法院愿意执行国际法尤其是国际强制规范,但联邦法院倾向于非自动执行条约理论而不执行大多数国际人权公约或条约。

On Jurisdiction over the Cases under the Alien Tort Statute of the U.S.A.

In the early days of the United States,the Congress adopted the Alien Tort Statute(ATS) to grant the federal district courts jurisdiction over cases against aliens for torts in violation of international law or a treaty of the United States,in the hope to help the newly founded U.S.A.to win respect of other nations,and to provide the aliens with remedy so as to avoid the potential threat to the national security and to develop international trade.In the 1960s,with the rise of civil rights movement,international civil disputes involving foreign states multiplied.Because of the efforts of human rights groups plus other factors,such as the specific rules favoring the plaintiffs in the legal system of the United States,the ATS was hotly discussed in academic and judicial circles.The scope of personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction under the ATS has been greatly expanded,and the federal courts of the United States are willing to enforce international law especially international peremptory norms.However,the federal courts tend to refuse to enforce most international human rights conventions or treaties in ATS cases on the ground of non-self-executing treaty doctrine.