1963年印(尼)马对抗与东南亚地区之大国角力

1963年1月印尼因反对英国主导下的马来西亚计划而发起"印(尼)马对抗",在国际冷战背景下相关大国陆续介入,其中美国为防止印尼倒向共产主义阵营以及避免因《澳新美安全条约》而卷入军事冲突,在继续对印尼援助的基础上力主由亚洲国家自行调停解决,但美国政府的继续援助措施遭到包括英、澳、新(西兰)、马等国以及美国国会的强烈反对;英国、澳大利亚及新西兰在支持马来西亚成立和维护西南太平洋地区安全稳定的基础上,坚决反对印尼的对抗政策;日本在美国支持下积极重返东南亚市场,因此希望该地区保持稳定并提出池田斡旋计划;而苏、中两国从两大阵营对立和反帝反殖角度,分别从物质和舆论方面支持苏加诺的对抗政策。通过对印(尼)马对抗爆发期间大国角力问题的探讨,显示出东南亚地区冲突中所包含的冷战与非殖民化、革命与发展、东西方对抗与地缘政治矛盾等诸多复杂因素。

The Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation of 1963 and Contentions among Big Powers in Southeast Asia

In 1963,Indonesia launched military confrontation against Malaysia to curb the formation of Malaysia Federation initiated by UK,and a number of big powers were involved.In order to prevent Indonesia from joining the communist camp and avoid the ANZUS constraints,the Johnson administration decided to continue its aid policy towards Indonesia while appealing to resolve the confrontation by Asian countries concerned.UK,Australia and New Zealand,nevertheless,strongly promoted the formation of Malaysia as a new country,and opposed Indonesia＇s confrontation policy,aiming at maintaining the stability of Southwest Pacific.Japan put forward the Ikeda Plan in the hope of restoring the regional peace and market stability,but USA opposed it.In the meantime,because of the shared political stand to fight against imperialism and colonialism,Soviet Union and PRC provided the Indonesian government with arms and financial aid necessary in the confrontation while considerably increasing their support in international media.Contending powers and their different policies resulted from different interests and considerations,thus it deepened the crisis and complicated the confrontation situation,which in turn eventually led to the significant changes both in Indonesian domestic politics and in Southeast Asia as a whole.