共犯处罚根据论的反思与修正:新混合惹起说的提出

混合惹起说虽然是共犯处罚根据论的通说,但是其最大不足在于,无法有效应对新型网络共同犯罪。造成这种问题的根本原因是,混合惹起说以限制从属性说作为理论基础,主张只有犯罪结果对正犯与共犯而言均具有违法性,才可能处罚共犯。然而,既然共同犯罪的本质是行为的共同而非犯罪的共同,成立共犯理应只需从属于正犯的实行行为,而且,对正犯的违法性评价未必连带作用于共犯,因而可以采取最小从属性说,无须采取限制从属性说。如此,就需要对混合惹起说进行修正:处罚共犯,只要求犯罪结果对共犯而言具有违法性即可,无需对正犯也具有违法性。这样既可以有效地应对新型网络共同犯罪等问题,也可以对共犯故意创造"利益冲突状态"的行为作出准确评价。

The Reflection and Modification on the Theory of Joint Criminal Enterprise Punishment: The Proposition of the New Theory of Mixing Causes

Although the theory of mixing causes is the general theory of joint criminal enterprise punishment, the biggest shortcoming is that it is difficult to effectively cope with the new type of joint Internet crime. The root cause of this phenomenon is that the mixture has caused the restricted attribution theory as the theoretical basis, and argues that only the criminal result is illegal for both the principal offender and the accomplice, and it is possible to establish a joint criminal enterprise. However, since the essence of joint crime is the commonality of behavior rather than the common crime, the establishment of a joint criminal enterprise should only be subordinate to the principal offender’s act of committing the offense, and the evaluation of the illegality of the principal offender may not be necessarily related to the accomplice. Thus the theory of minimum attribution can be taken instead of the restricted attribution theory. In this way, it is necessary to correct the theory of mixing causes: to punish the joint criminal enterprise, the only requirement is that the criminal result is illegal for the joint criminal enterprise, and the principal offender does not necessarily bear the illegality of the criminal result. This will not only effectively address issues such as new types of joint Internet crimes but also accurately evaluate the behavior of joint criminal enterprise in deliberately creating a ‘conflict of interest’.