论跨界环境损害民事责任归责原则

由于环境损害为特殊侵权行为,各国一般无论在法律或实践中都将环境损害归结为严格责任,跨界环境损害归责原则也是如此。从法理分析,严格责任的承担基础是公平的分配损失,即应从国家本位向国际社会本位理念转变,以国际社会整体价值及国际民商事秩序的构建为导向来分配责任。且出于平衡受害人、加害人、环境等保护以及国际贸易发展关系的考虑,在重大危险活动中如环境损害领域嵌入责任保险制度,实属必要。从现实来看,相较于污染者而言,受害人往往是农民、工人等社会弱势群体,且加害人是在明知的情况下从事高度危险活动,因此为谋求经济利益而造成高度风险者必须承担起控制此项活动任何有害后果的责任,这符合风险与收益并存原理以及公平原则。

Imputation Principle On Civil Liabilityof Tram-Boundary Environmental Damages

Because Environmental Damages is a special conduct of tort,it is considered as strict liability by countries either in law or practice. Imputation principle of trans-boundary environmental damages is the same. From the analysis of Jurisprudence, the bearing of strict liability is based on the equitable distribution of losses. Responsibility sharing should be around the realization of society as a whole. For balancing the victim, the offender, the environment protection and development of international trade relations, it is necessary to embed liability insurance in the major dangerous activity such as environmental damage field. Compared with the polluters, the victims are often the farmers, workers and other social vulnerable groups, and the offender are engaged in highly dangerous activities in the case of knowing, so who seeking economic interest must bear the responsibility to control any harmful consequences. It conforms to the principle of the benefits and risks coexist and fairness.