基于社会性别的劳动力迁移与农村留守老人的生活福利——基于劳动力流入地和流出地的调查

大规模的劳动力外迁不仅加速了农村地区的老龄化,也给农村传统的家庭养老带来了深远的影响。利用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所在安徽省巢湖农村地区进行的"安徽省老年人生活福利状况"的四期追踪调查数据和在广东省深圳市进行的"外来农村流动人口"抽样调查数据,同时面向农村人口流入地和流出地,基于社会性别视角,研究农村劳动力外迁对农村留守老人生活福利的影响。研究表明,目前的农村家庭养老表现出传统和变革共存的特征;子女外迁给农村老年父母的生活福利带来双面影响,使得老年人获得的经济支持增加的同时,也造成了对老年人的生活照料和情感支持的减少,加重了老年人照料孙子女的负担,影响了老年人的健康福利;子女在城市外出务工带来了传统孝文化的弱化,但女儿的养老功能得以增强,长期低生育率条件下发生的大规模农村人口流动使得传统依靠儿子养老的家庭养老模式开始发生转变。本文最后探讨了在劳动力外流背景下政府提高农村留守老人生活福利的政策建议。

The Impact of Labor Migration on Healthy Well-being of Elderly Left Behind in Rural China: Studies Based on Surveys in Inflow and Outflow Places

The mass outflow of rural labor has not only accelerated the aging process in rural China but also has had far-reaching implications for the household-dominated care of the elderly in China.The present paper,based on the longitudinal data from a three-stage sample survey: "The wellbeing of the rural elderly in Anhui Province" conducted in Chaohu,and the data from a sample survey: "Rural-urban migrants in Shenzhen" conducted in Guangdong Province,studies the effects of the outflow of rural labor on the living conditions of the elderly in rural China.The study focuses on both the inflow and outflow regions of the rural population and emphasizes a gender perspective.It is found that the current elder care in rural China features the coexistence of tradition and change including the following.The outflow of the younger generation has brought dual effects on the well-being of the elderly remaining in rural areas.By working away from home,migrant children are able to provide their parents with better economic support but less care and emotional support.This also places additional burdens on their parents in terms of childcare and agricultural fieldwork,thus affecting their health and well-being.With the migrant children working in the cities,the traditional filial culture is ebbing while the daughters’ ability to support their parents increases.The large-scale migration of rural population under long-term low fertility has altered the traditional mode of household elder care that relies on support from male children.The paper makes some suggestions for improving the well-being of rural elders in the face of continued rural-urban migration.