加拿大证据排除规则之确立与演变

加拿大的证据排除和英国有着天然的亲缘关系,加拿大旨在维护司法荣誉,英国旨在程序正义,在理念上,二者皆以人权保障为目的。1982年加拿大通过《权利与自由宪章》,其中包含有"救济",即第24条(2)的内容,如果发现对被告的宪章权利有所侵害,因此而获取的证据即会被排除。在多年的适用过程中,最高法院以一系案例为基础对24条(2)进行解释,分别衍生出了客观证据与自我归罪的证据、参与性与非参与性证据、可靠与不可靠证据等。

Determination and Development of Evidence Exclusion Rule in Canada

There exists a natural kinship between evidence exclusion in Canada and that in the United Kingdom.In Canada,the exclusion aims at safeguarding repute of the administration of justice and in UK,the exclusion aims at procedural justice.Conceptually,both are for the purpose of protecting human rights.Canada adopted the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 with "remedy" contained in section 24(2).That is,where a court concludes that evidence was obtained in a manner that infringed any rights or freedoms guaranteed by the Charter,the evidence shall be excluded.With years of application,the Supreme Court has made a series of case-based interpretations on section 24(2),with objective and self-incrimination evidence,participatory and non-participatory evidence,reliable and unreliable evidence derived respectively.