“战争罪犯”还是“民族英雄”——以日本战后恢复对军人和战犯的抚恤政策为视角

对军人军属进行抚恤是日本军国主义战争动员的重要内容,日本战败后曾经一度废除。《旧金山和约》签订后,日本政府很快恢复了对不包括战犯在内的复员军人的抚恤、救助工作。在日本遗族会等保守团体的推动和"战犯释放运动"的影响下,经过几次修改,至20世纪50年代中期,日本政府全面恢复了对包括战犯在内的军人军属抚恤工作。无论是刑死还是狱死的"战犯"均被视为因公死亡享受抚恤,战犯服刑期间仍被作为"在职期间"累积计算抚恤年金,服刑期间伤病者另可以享受"伤病抚恤",战争罪犯俨然成了日本的"民族英雄"享受优待。日本政府从立法层面恢复对战犯的抚恤,对日本社会的战争认识和战争记忆的重构产生深刻的影响,也成为此后甲级战犯被靖国神社合祀的社会意识的基础。

“War criminals”or “National heroes”---From the Perspective of Pension Policy in Japan’s Postwar Recovery of Soldiers and Prisoners

The military dependents pension is an important content of Japan’s militarism mobilization,it was once abolished after the defeat of Japan.After signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty,the Japanese government soon resumed veterans’pensions and the salvage work to the non-war criminals.Since the mid-1950s,after several changes,Japanese government fully revived the military dependents pension that inclu-ding the war criminals under the promotion of Japanese conservative groups,such as the Survivors Group, and the influence of “War Criminals Released Movement”.The “war criminals”was regarded as death in line of duty to get the pension no matter they died in prison or be punished,war criminals in prison were considered to be in service and had cumulative annuity,also could enjoy the “injury pension”.The Japanese government restored the pension of war criminals from the legislative level,have a profound influence on the reconstruction of war memory and the Japanese social cognition,also became the foundation of social consciousness which the Class-A war criminals enshrined at Yasukuni Shrine.