美国极右组织约翰·伯奇协会的沉浮及其对美国外交的影响

约翰·伯奇协会(John Birch Society,以下简称协会)是战后美国出现的一个极右组织。麦卡锡主义遭谴责后冷战格局的进一步发展,美国国内社会问题的日益严重,《权利法案》提供的保护以及美国国内存在的区域纷争,为协会的建立和存续提供了条件。与麦卡锡主义一样,协会也主张“共产主义阴谋论”,但在表述方法和所包含的内容方面又较麦卡锡主义灵活而丰富。作为一个组织,协会实行严格的集权制管理,通过发行刊物和公报、建立委员会、寄发邮件和游行示威等方式宣传自己的主张。它的极右言行对战后美国保守主义运动产生了不容忽视的影响,但协会对“共产主义阴谋论”的泛化和它对美国政界人物的指责,使它逐步失去了保守主义运动主流派的支持,沦为边缘右派。

Influence of American Ultra-Right Organization John Birch Society on American Diplomacy

John Birch Society founded by Robert Welch, was an ultra-right organization. It held conspiracy theory and opposed communism and welfare state. In terms of organizational operation, the Society adopted authoritative system and secret register system, advocated its opinions via bullentins and magazines, and built committees and petition, etc.. Its members mainly came from upper and middle class of some states of Sunbelt, which showed that the emergence and existence of the Society was due to not only the international circumstance of the Cold War, but also continuous conflicts between the rising West and South and Eastern establishments. On the one hand, the Society took over the mantle of Mc-Carthyism, and had bad effect on American Foreign policies. On the other hand, despite of opposition by conservative mainstream group, it had always influenced the growth of American conservative movement of post World War II.