资本主义代议制民主政治制度的元批判——马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》新释

《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》是多个学科公认的经典名著。但国内外学者对其的解读却往往囿于各自的学科意识,忽视了其作为一篇时事政治评论的创作初衷。基于政治事件史的视角,以马克思《资本论》中成熟的思想作为分析的出发点,能发现马克思在对阶级斗争和国家原理的分析过程中还揭示出了资本主义代议制民主政治制度的本质性缺陷,即"代表"的分裂问题;制度本身无法避免成为保守势力倒转历史车轮的工具;自由主义与民主主义无休止的斗争。这些缺陷使得资本主义国家在周期性经济危机的影响下一直无法摆脱政治困境的周期性反复。当代随着经济危机的反复爆发与萧条的普遍蔓延,各种"煽动者"又开始普遍在资本主义国家政坛上崭露头角,并导致了一系列"黑天鹅"事件的发生。此时重温《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》更应别有一番意趣。

The Essential Criticism of Capitalist Representative Democracy:New Explanations of Marx’s "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte"

"The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" is a classic acknowledged by many disciplines.However, scholars at home and abroad often interpret it basing on their own disciplinary consciousness, ignoring its original intention as a political commentary on current events. Based on the perspective of the history of political events and taking the mature thoughts in Marx’s "Capital" as the starting point of analysis, it can be found that Marx also revealed the essential defects of the capitalist representative democratic political system through the analysis of class struggles and national principles. That is, the deviation between the representative class and the represented class;the system itself can’t avoid becoming a tool for conservative forces to reverse the wheel of history;the endless struggle between liberalism and democracy. These defects let the capitalist countries unable to get rid of the repeated political and historical difficulties under the influence of cyclical economic crisis. With the repeated outbreak of economic crisis and the widespread of depression in the contemporary age, various "demagogue" have begun to emerge in the political arena of capitalist countries,resulting in the occurrence of a series of "Black Swans". This time, it has another interest to review "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte".