马克思晚年存在一个"人类学转向"吗——中国特色马克思文本学的个案研究

长期以来,国内外学界的流行观点认为,马克思晚年对摩尔根等人类学家著作所作的篇幅巨大的笔记,表明了他晚年时期的一个新的研究动向——放弃唯物史观原有立场和《资本论》创作,转向实证科学、经验科学色彩的"人类学研究"。实际上,这种看法是不能成立的,马克思在其晚年笔记中并未转向所谓"人类学研究,"而是立足于唯物史观的原有理论和方法,从历史哲学层次,概括、借鉴人类学家的最新科学成就,系统探索唯物史观的新研究领域——国家与文明起源理论、原始社会理论。"人类学转向说"不符合马克思晚年思想的实际状况,是对马克思晚年笔记严重误读的产物。

Did Marx Transfer to Anthropology in His Late Years?

For a long time,a popular view in the academic circle both at home and abroad holds that voluminous notes that Marx wrote for the anthropological works of Lewis Henry Morgan marked Marx's new research trend in his older age,that is,he gave up the historical materialism and writing The Capital and turned to anthropology.In fact,such a view is not consistent with the actual situation of older Marx.Instead of turning to anthropology in these notes,Marx explored the new fields of historical materialism,that is,the origin of state and civilization and the theory of primitive society,according to his original theories and methodologies of historical materialism.The viewpoint resulted from misunderstanding of Marx's notes written in his older age.