论涂尔干社会学方法从实证主义方法向辩证法的转变——兼论其大学研究的特殊理论意义

涂尔干为社会学奠定了两项方法论原则:将社会事实当作物来考察的“观察社会事实的准则”;分别研究社会事实之原因和功能的“解释社会事实的准则”。然而,在他的大学研究过程中,社会学方法论的性质明显地从实证主义方法向辩证法转变。在他看来,大学是典型的社会学研究对象;鉴于大学的本质是人类批判反思能力发展的场所,而不仅仅是科学发展的场所,所以,社会学研究需要超越科学实证的方法,继承和发展西方传统的“辩证理性”方法。

Change of the Durkheim's Sociology Method from the Positivism to Dialectics

As a founder of the theory of sociology,E.Durkheim proposed two methodological principles for sociology.The first is the principle of observation,which asked us treat social facts as materials.The second is the principle of analysis,which asked us analyze the causes and functions of each social fact separately.However,in his research on higher education,E.Durkheim's sociological methodology was characterized by the change from positivist method to dialectics.He held that,a university was a typical subject of any sociology,given that the nature of university was to develop human's capacity to criticize and think,and wasn't only to develop science,the research of sociology should overstep the scientific and positivistic methods and inherit and develop the dialectical and rational method of the western tradition.