大国战略竞争与美国对华技术政策变迁

世界政治领导国的对外技术政策很大程度上源于应对大国战略竞争的需要。当美国面临直接、迫切的大国战略竞争压力时,更愿意通过放宽技术进口和出口限制来争取合作者、应对竞争者,即"利用强者打败更强者"。自20世纪70年代以来,美国对华技术政策经历了从逐步放松再到加强限制这一过程。苏联的安全竞争压力迫使美国在加强对苏技术出口限制的同时,放宽对华技术出口限制。日本的经济竞争压力促使美国在加强对日技术进口限制的同时,放宽对华技术进口限制。应对直接、迫切的大国战略竞争压力,会促使世界政治的领导国更重视当期利益,同时也为潜在竞争者的成长提供机会。而当苏联和日本对美国构成的大国战略竞争压力逐渐褪去时,美国对华技术政策再度面临调整压力,以致于今为甚,通过发起对华贸易战,打压中国高新技术产业,全面收紧了对华高技术进出口限制。美国的技术竞争将是今后很长时间中国技术进步难以绕过的阻碍。

Power Competition and the Evolution of the U.S.Tech Policy Towards China

The international technology policies of the U.S.serve its strategic competition with other great powers.The more direct and urgent the strategic competition becomes,the more likely it is for the U.S.to relax technology import and export control to its partners to build and strengthen a coalition against strategic competitors.Since the 1970 s,the U.S.technology policy towards China has experienced a transformation from control-relaxation to control-tightening.The USUSSR security competition forced the U.S.to tighten technology export control to Soviet Union while relaxing restrictions to China.The US-Japan economic competition compelled the U.S.to tighten its technology import control to Japan while easing the restrictions to China.Such U.S.policies have provided opportunities for China to improve its technological capabilities.However,when the pressure of strategic competition from the Soviet Union and Japan receded gradually,the U.S.technology policy towards China have undergone profound changes.At present,the U.S.is trying to exercise comprehensive tightening of high-tech imports and exports control to China,particularly by launching a trade war with China and suppressing China’s high-tech industries.The U.S.technology control towards China will be a major obstacle for China’s technological upgrading in the long run.