历史中的情势与偶然--马克思基于唯物史观的政治哲学探讨

《1848年至1850年的法兰西阶级斗争》和《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》不仅被阐释为政治学著作和历史学著作,而且是马克思把唯物史观的一般规律具体化到政治哲学领域中的典范之作,特别是其对当时法国政治事件中“活生生的时事”的内涵和外在表现深入细致地剖析,是实现了唯物史观的基本理论与社会现实之政治事件相统一的哲学著作。对这两个文献的阐释不仅需要从政治维度和历史维度上来把握,还需要从哲学维度上更深层次地把握其内涵。立足于唯物史观,马克思从生产力和生产方式之关系层面分析政治历史事件背后的深层结构与外在表征相统一的“活生生的时事”,既展现出历史发展背后起决定作用的物质生活条件,又看到对历史具有加速或延迟作用的历史情势和偶然等诸多因素。因此,马克思的唯物史观与唯物辩证法在具体的政治实践领域中实现了双重统一,对进一步发展当代政治哲学具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。

Situation and Contingency in History——On Marx's Political Philosophy Based on Historical Materialism

The Class Struggle in France 1848-50 and The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte are not only interpreted as political works and historical works, but also the models of Marx’s concretization of the general law of historical materialism into the field of political philosophy. In particular, the connotation and external performance of "living current events" in French political events at that time were deeply and carefully dissected. This paper analyzes and realizes the unity of the basic theory of historical materialism and the political events of social reality. The interpretation of these two documents is not only from the political and historical dimensions, but also from the philosophical dimension. Based on the historical materialism, Marx analyzed the "living current events" with the unity of the deep structure and external representation behind the political and historical events from the perspective of the relationship between productivity and mode of production. It not only showed the material living conditions that played a decisive role in the development of history, but also shed light on the historical situation and contingency which accelerated or delayed the history. Therefore, Marx’s historical materialism and materialist dialectics have achieved dual unity in the specific field of political practice, which has important theoretical value and practical significance for the further development of contemporary political philosophy.