论政府数据开放的收费定价及其法律规制

政府数据在法律性质上具有财产的属性,在实践中也具有可交易性的特点,是一种财产性权利。政府数据开放具有渐进性、开放性、价值性、时效性、周期性、非买断性和再利用性的特点,根据不同的标准可对其作相应的类型化区分。政府对于开放的数据进行收费定价有其合理基础,在数据开放定价模式上则有免费模式、按成本费用定价模式以及按“成本+利润”定价模式。我国政府数据开放的定价收费问题,应置于行政收费的法制框架下讨论,基于公平、效率和量能支付等行政收费的基本原则,确立向社会公众免费开放、向市场主体的商业化利用有限收费的制度。作为减损公民财产利益的负担行为,政府数据开放收费定价应受到法律的严格规制。在确立政府数据开放的基本定价模式基础上,由立法来创设数据的收费定价,完善收费程序,加强对收费定价行为的行政内部监督机制建设,从而推动政府数据有序、规范开放。

On the Pricing and Legal Regulation of Government Data Opening

The government data has the property attribute in the legal nature.It also has the tradable characteristic in the practice.It is a kind of property right.The openness of government data has the characteristics of gradualness,openness,value,timeliness,periodicity,non buyout and reusability.According to different standards,it can be classified accordingly.There is a reasonable basis for the government to price the open specific data.In the data open pricing mode,there are free pricing mode,cost pricing mode and“cost+profit”pricing mode.The pricing and charging problem of open government data in China should be discussed under the legal framework of administrative charges.Based on the basic principles of administrative charges such as fairness,efficiency and quantitative payment,we should establish a system of free opening to the public and commercial use of limited charges to market subjects.As a burden to reduce the property interests of citizens,the pricing of government data open charges should be strictly regulated by law.On the basis of establishing the basic pricing model of open government data,we should establish the pricing of data by legislation,improve the charging procedure,and strengthen the construction of the administrative internal supervision mechanism of pricing behavior,so as to promote the orderly and standardized opening of government data.