论国际法条件责任原则的最新发展

二次世界大战之前,国际社会普遍坚持条件责任原则,认为执行上级命令在一般情况下可以作为免除刑事责任的辩护理由;二战之后,纽伦堡审判确立了绝对责任原则,强调无论在任何情况下都不能将执行上级责任作为免除刑事责任的理由。《国际刑事法院规章》第33条是两种责任形式的融合。9.11事件后,恐怖主义的出现使国际社会对于执行上级命令能否免责的问题再次进行了思考。本文认为条件责任原则的存在,一方面是考虑到了军事社会的特殊性质,一方面也顾及到了当代对于战俘、普通民众的保护,并不会削减国际法的基础,是当代国际社会应当努力达成的目标。

On the New Development of the Principle of the Conditions Liability in International Law

Just before World War Two,the principle of the conditions liability was observed widely in international society,which thought implementation of superior orders could be used as justification for excluding criminal responsibility generally.After World War Two,Nuremberg Trial built the principle of absolute liability,which stressed the implementation of superior orders could not be anyway used as justification for excluding criminal responsibility.The Article 33 in ＂Regulations of International Criminal Court＂ is the mergence of two liability forms.The emergence of terrorism makes the international society think again whether the implementation of superior orders could be used as justification for excluding criminal responsibility.The paper thinks the principle of conditions liability considered the special nature of military society on one hand and the protection to the prisoners of war and ordinary people on the other hand,which could not reduce the basis of international law and is the target the present society striving for.