论刑法解释的边界和路径——以扩张解释与类推适用的区分为中心

只有划清扩张解释与类推适用的界限,才能克服刑法解释的恣意性,否则,就会以扩张解释之名行类推适用之实,造成比具有严格限制的类推制度更大的破坏罪刑法定主义的危险。在是否处于刑法条文用语可能的含义之中、是否具有一般公民的预测可能性、是否采用了符合形式逻辑的推论和是否从罪刑法定主义的理念出发这四个方面,扩张解释都与类推适用存在构造上的差异。展开合理的扩张解释时,应当遵循一定的操作路径:首先,需要判断所要解决的事项是否属于扩张解释的对象;其次,需要根据一般公民的预测可能性对刑法条文用语的通常含义进行正向扩展,然后根据处罚的必要性进行反向限缩;再次,需要通过法律商谈来检验解释结论的性质;最后,需要通过一种程序性方式,来终局性地解消对实体性问题的分歧。

On Extensive Interpretation and Analogical Interpretation of Criminal Law: A Study of the Distinction between Analogical Interpretation and Difference of Constitution

In order to overcome the arbitrariness of the interpretations to criminal law,the boundary between extensive interpretation and analogical interpretation should be recognized.If not,to use the analogical interpretation under the name of extensive interpretation will violate the principle of legality more seriously than the application of analogy with strict limitation.There are some differences between extensive interpretation and analogical interpretation: whether they are within the scope of the possible implication of the criminal law articles,whether they show the possibility of a general citizen’s estimation,whether they adopt the deduction of formal logic,and whether they are from the ideology of the principle of legality.To make extensive interpretation reasonable,some operative route should be followed: firstly,whether the issue which needs to be resolved is the object of extensive interpretation,and the general meaning of a term in criminal law should be found according to the estimation of a common person,and then the nature of a conclusion could be tested by the legal discussion,and lastly the divergence of the material problems could be resolved by some procedural way.