规范语境下口供补强规则的解释图景

补强规则中的口供是指证明案件主要事实的被告人供述,补强证据是口供外的其他法定证据,与口供没有同源性。借鉴域外的“罪体标准”和“可信性标准”,根据补强对象的不同可将口供补强模式划分为罪体印证补强模式、隐蔽性证据(细节)补强模式和口供事实补强模式。我国不宜采口供事实补强模式,但可结合罪体印证补强模式与隐蔽性证据补强模式,将补强对象范围限定在“结果、犯罪行为和主体同一”三个客观面。三个客观面的补强意味着案件事实认定上的两大效果:一是可判断“犯罪已发生,该人有参与”,以降低假案冤案出现的风险;二是口供的可信性得到补强,所涵盖的主要犯罪事实可推断为真。然而“部分为真则全部为真”的推断逻辑仍不免产生质疑,但口供补强规则是定罪规则,并不排斥仅有口供仍可认定案件的部分事实或情节。当然,为确保口供补强规则适用的可靠性,可从口供合法性以及供述动机等外部保障机制再行审查。

On Interpretation of the Confessions Reinforcement Rules in Normative Context

The confession in the reinforcement rules is the confession of the defendant who can prove the main facts of the case. The reinforcement evidence is other legal evidence other than the confession, which has no homology with the confession. Drawing on the “corpus delicti standard” and “credibility standard”, the confession reinforcement model can be divided into the corpus delicti reinforcement mode, concealed evidence(detail) reinforcement mode and confession fact reinforcement mode according to the different reinforcement objects. China should not adopt the confession fact reinforcement model, but it can combine the corpus delicti confirmation reinforcement model and the concealed evidence reinforcement model to limit the scope of the reinforcement object to the three objective aspects of “result, criminal behavior and the same subject”. The reinforcement of the three objective facts results in two major effects in the determination of the case: first, it can tead to the judgment that “the crime has occurred and the person has participated”, and the risk of wrong cases will be greatly reduced;second, the confession credibility is reinforced, and the main criminal facts covered can be inferred to be true. However, the logic of inference that “part is true is all true” still inevitably raises doubts, but the confession reinforcement rule is a conviction rule, and it does not exclude that only part of the facts or circumstances of the case can be determined through confession. Of course, in order to further ensure the reliability of the application of confessions reinforcement rules, we can re-examine the external guarantee mechanisms such as the legality of confessions and the motivation of confession.