商标财产化的负面效应及其化解

商标本为一种用于区别来源的工具。然而,现代商标法将之财产化,并采用民法财产权体系中的绝对权保护模式。绝对权的认知结构预设着强有力的私权保护,这为商标权的强化和扩张埋下了种子。商标财产化的理论基础脆弱,经典的自然权利理论、现代的法经济学理论以及商誉论和广告功能保护论都无法为商标财产权提供坚实的理论支撑。商标财产化在实践中产生了一些负面效应,在我国还呈加剧之势,有必要予以纠正。在认知上,需要打破绝对权理念之拘束。在实践中,停止侵害的禁令救济的绝对化适用需加以纠正;混淆之扩张需谨慎对待,以反击"财产论"对"混淆论"的挤压。此外,还需提升商标性使用的地位,使其扮演商标法"守门人"角色,以期对商标财产权的不断扩张进行约束和限制。

Adverse Effects of Trademark Propertization and Solutions Thereto

Trademark is essentially a tool for distinguishing sources.However,modern trademark law treats trademark as property,and follows the protection model of absolute right in the civil law property system.The cognitive structure of absolute right presumes a strong private right to protect,which lays the foundations for the strengthening and expansion of trademark rights.The theoretical basis of the trademark propertization is weak.The classical natural rights theory,the modern theory of law and economics,the theory of goodwill and the theory of advertisement protection cannot provide a solid theoretical support for trademark property rights.Trademark propertization results in certain adverse effects in practice,which on getting even worse in China and necessary to be corrected.Cognitively,it is necessary to break the constraint of the concept of absolute right.In practice,the absolute application of injunctive remedies for cessation of infringement should be adjusted.Expansion of confusion needs to be treated with caution,so as to avoid the confusion theory being extruded by the property theory.In addition,the status of trademark use needs to be promoted to play the role of"gatekeeper"in trademark law,with a view to constraining and restricting the continuous expansion of trademark property rights.