论民法典中人格权的实证概念

尽管我国民法典以独立成编的方式规定了人格权,但是,由于对人格权的概念存在巨大争议,所以,从民法典人格权编的具体内容和规范来反观人格权的实证概念对于理论研究和司法实践更具有意义。从我国民法典的内容看,我国民法典人格权编实际上包括了两个部分:一是对人格权的保护,二是对人格尊严的保护。隐私权与信息的二元保护就清楚地说明了这一问题。因此,不能认为人格权编中保护的都是人格权。必须把人格权的概念与人格利益区分开来,从而决定其保护程度与救济措施的差别。另外,从表面上看,虽然看起来都是相同的权利(人格权),但是,法人和非法人组织的人格权与自然人的人格权建立在完全不同或者说完全不相关的基础之上--自然人的人格权是以人的自由和尊严为核心的,而法人或者非法人组织的所谓人格权完全是技术处理的结果。当然,这种处理方式也可以通过其他方式处理。荣誉权无论从哪个方面看,都不具有人格权的特征;虽然民法典对其予以了明确规定,但是,荣誉权确实不应该是人身自由和人格尊严的表现,我们在实践中应当将其作为一种特殊权利对待。总之,人格权可以定义为:自然人享有的人之所以为人的主体性权利,包括生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权等权利,是个人自由、尊严在民法上的具体体现。法人仅仅享有与自由和尊严无关的名称权、荣誉权和名誉权,但法人的名称权、荣誉权和名誉权在实质上不是人格权。

On the Positive Concept of Personality Right in the Civil Code of PRC

Although personality right is addressed in an independent part in the Civil Code of PRC,there still exist great controversies over its concept.Therefore,it will be more meaningful for theoretical research and judicial practice to examine the working concept of the personality right from the specific contents and norms provided in the Civil Code of PRC.The part concerning personality rights in the Civil Code of PRC actually consists two respects:one concerns the protection of human rights,the other the protection of human dignity,which is well illustrated by the dual protection of privacy and information.Therefore,it is not just the human rights alone that are protected in the part of personality right in the Civil Code of PRC.The concept of personality right must be differentiated from personality interests,so as to distinguish the corresponding protection in terms of the degree and the relief measures.In addition,though on the surface they look the same,the personality rights for a natural person are totally different from or irrelevant to the ones for the legal persons and other unincorporated organizations—the former are centered around freedom and dignity,while the latter are the result of technical treatment and in fact can be treated in other ways.For instance,the right to honor enjoyed by the latter,seen from any perspective,is not the expression of personal freedom and dignity,despite being specifically provided under the personality rights in the Civil Code of PRC,and shall therefore be treated as a special right in practice.In short,the right of personality can be defined as the subjective rights enjoyed by natural persons,including the rights to life,body,health,name,portrait,reputation,honor and privacy.It is the concrete expression of personal freedom and dignity in the Civil Code of PRC.The rights to name,honor and reputation enjoyed by legal persons have nothing to do with freedom and dignity,and therefore are in essence not personality rights.