数据权属的逻辑结构与赋权边界--基于“公地悲剧”和“反公地悲剧”的视角

前互联网时代的既有数据确权立法无法有效映射信息时代对于数据权利的实质性诉求,现有学术研究亦对新型数据权属的阐释和论证力有不逮,数据确权已成为数字化转型亟待解决的基础性理论研究问题。数据权属体系的构建,应遵循数据产生及其市场运作的底层逻辑,以实现数据产业健康可持续发展、维护数据权益相关方利益平衡为目标,将数据权属赋权于在数据生成与利用中处于核心驱动地位方为准则,避免数据权利内容及界限过于模糊、笼统,以此缓解激励数据生产与降低个体隐私权侵害风险之间的内在张力,形成个人用户、平台企业、政府国家之间对于数据权属的内容和边界的合理界分,构建社会公众、网络平台、政府国家数据治理"共建共治共享"的格局。

Its Logical Structure and Boundary Setting of Data Ownership: From the Perspective of the "Tragedy of the Commons" and "Tragedy of the Anticommons"

The data rights recognized by the legislation in the pre-internet era can hardly satisfy the substantive demands in the information age.The data ownership is also inadequately expounded and illustrated by the existing academic researches.Therefore,to legally establish the data ownership has become a basic issue in theoretical research and needs to be addressed immediately.Principally,the construction of the data ownership system shall follow the underlying logic of data generation and market operation,shall aim at achieving a healthy and sustainable development of the data industry and at maintaining the balance of rights and interests among the parties concerned,shall determine the data ownership according the criterion of the central role played in the data generation and use,and shall avoid blurring the boundary of and over-generalizing the content of data rights,so as to alleviate the inherent tension between encouraging data production and reducing the risk of infringing individual rights to privacy.In this way,by reasonably specifying the content of and setting the boundary for data ownership among the individual users,platform companies,and governments,a landscape can be formed of"co-construction,co-governance and co-use"by the public,the network platforms,and the governmental data governance.