试论罗马法中关于信托质的三个问题

罗马法中的信托质制度是现代物权法中让与担保的起源。信托质是信托人通过要式买卖或者拟诉弃权的方式将信托物的所有权转移至受托人，同时信托人和受托人之间达成信托简约规范他们之间的权利义务，受托人的债权得到满足后，信托人通过时效收回的方式收回信托物的所有权。罗马法以不名誉的制度平衡信托人和受托人之间的利益冲突，由于这种债务担保制度存在目的与手段之间的失衡，信托质的法律结构在后来发生了很大的变化，与质押制度几近相同，最终于公元4世纪退出历史舞台。

A Trial Study of the Three Problems of Fiducia in Roman Law

The Fiducia system in Roman law is the origin of security transfers in modem property law. In the legal system of fiducia, the debtor transfers the ownership of the trust property to the creditor through the maneipium or in jure cession, and at the same time the creditor and the debtor reach a pacta which formulates the rights and obligations between them. When the creditor＇ s claims are met, the debtor withdraws the ownership of the trustproperties by usureceptio. The legal system of infamia in Roman law can balance the conflict of interest between the creditor and the debtor. As such debt security system is imbalanced between the aims and means, later greatchanges have taken place on the structure of the legal system of fiducia, and it has little difference with the legal system of pledge. At last it steps off the stage of history in the 4th century AD.