《民法典》中准合同制度的历史演变与体系效应

准合同制度是我国《民法典》中的一项重要制度,其包括无因管理和不当得利。准合同概念源于罗马法。随着合同一般概念的发展,准合同概念中的意思论要素被法学家们不断强调,其中,近代自然法学派尤其重视对准合同概念进行意思论的改造。然而,意思论的准合同处于法定之债与意定之债的中间环节,已不再被当代主要大陆法系国家立法所坚持。由于我国《民法典》的立法者采取了实用主义的立法思路,所以,我们应在法定之债模式下理解准合同制度。无因管理制度的准合同属性主要体现在《民法典》第984条中,即管理人管理事务经受益人事后追认的,从管理事务开始时起,适用委托合同的有关规定。然而,这一规定是否具有实际意义值得商榷。准合同理论对不当得利制度的影响主要体现在建构返还法体系和统一化或类型化不当得利返还请求权方面,而非体现在对具体合同条款的准用中。

The Historical Evolution and Systemic Effects of the Quasi-Contract in Civil Code

The Quasi-contract is an important institution in the Chinese Civil Code,which includes two types of statutory obligations,namely negotiorum gestio and unjust enrichment.The concept of quasi-contract originated in Roman law,and as a general concept of contract developed,the subjectivism in it gradually increased and reached its peak in the theories of modern natural law.However,the subjective quasi-contractual theory is the intermediate link between statutory and conventional obligations and is no longer upheld by the Civil Law Systems.As the legislators of Civil Code have adopted a pragmatic approach to legislation,we should understand the quasi-contractual regime in the context of the statutory obligation model.The quasi-contractual nature of the negotiorum gestio is mainly reflected in Article 984 of Civil Code,which states that if the administration of the affairs by the administrator is retroactively recognized by the dominus,the relevant provisions of the mandate contract shall apply from the beginning of the managed transaction.However,the practical significance of this provision is questionable.The influence of the quasi-contractual theory on the system of unjust enrichment is mainly reflected in the construction of the system of restitution and the unification or typification of the right to claim unjust enrichment,rather than in the application of specific contractual provisions.