犯罪论体系的位阶性研究

犯罪成立要件是刑法规定的，四要件的犯罪构成理论与三阶层的犯罪论体系在此并无区别，两者的区别仅仅在于犯罪成立要件之间是否具有位阶性。在三阶层的犯罪论体系中，构成要件该当性、违法性、有责性之间具有位阶关系，这种位阶关系对司法的定罪过程具有逻辑引导机能，有助于保证定罪的正确性。而四要件的犯罪构成理论，在犯罪客体、犯罪客观方面、犯罪主体、犯罪主观方面之间没有位阶关系，只是一种排列顺序，可以随意变动，四要件之间是一种互相依存关系。根据四要件认定犯罪，往往主观判断与客观判断颠倒，事实判断与价值判断混淆，存在实用性缺陷，影响正确定罪。三阶层犯罪成立要件理论具有科学性，应当为我国所采用。

Ranking Nature of Criminal System

The constitutive elements of a crime are stipulated by the provisions of criminal law. At this point, there is no difference between the four-element constitutive theory and the three-tier criminal system. The sole difference lying between the two theories is whether there is any ranking relationship among the constitutive elements of a crime. The ranking nature of various elements refers that the prior element should not be established after the existence of the posterior one but should act as the prerequisite of the posterior one, thus forms the progressive logical relationship between various elements of a crime. In the three-tier criminal system, the ranking relationship exists in the three tiers of Tatbestandmaessigkeit, Rechtswidrigkeit and Schuld. The three tiers of criminal system correspond to three principles and embody the protection of three kinds of value respectively. Tatbestandmaessigkeit corresponds to the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a special crime, thus safeguards human rights. Rechtswidrigkeit corresponds to the principle of protecting legal interests, and incarnates the value of criminal law to protect the society. And the tier of schuld corresponds to the doctrine of responsibility, and accords with the ethnic or equal value of criminal law. Meanwhile, the ranking relationship among the three tiers functions as the logical guide in the course of conviction in judicature and can ensure its correction. Thus the three-tier criminal system is with scientific nature and should be adopted in China.However, under the four-element constitutive theory, there exists no ranking relationship among the object, objective aspects, subject and subjective aspects of a crime, but only a sort of order which can be changed freely. As for their logical relationship, the four elements are in an interdependent relationship. When determining cases according to the four-element theory, the order from objective judgments to subjective ones is reversed from time to time, and the fact judgments are sometimes confused with the value ones, which would cause practical defects and affect the corrective conviction eventually.