国家环境保护义务的溯源与展开

"因雾霾状告环保局第一案"暴露出环境保护领域法律判断与社会认同的矛盾,需要对政府环境保护职责之根源——国家环境保护义务问题予以理论回应。国家环境保护义务的证立,不能简单根据保障基本权利之国家义务体系进行演绎推理,而应从国家任务的现实需要出发进行归纳推理。环境基本国策是国家环境保护义务的宪法规范形态,是对所有国家权力构成约束的"国家目标条款"。国家环境保护义务在内涵上包括:现状保持义务、危险防御义务、风险预防义务。"立法+行政"是我国实现国家环境保护义务的基本路径。现行宪法第26条和第9条第2款共同表述了环境基本国策,并具有"国家目标条款"的规范效力。现阶段我国环境保护领域的国家任务,应围绕新修订的环境保护法的规定,从现状保持、危险防御、风险预防三个方面展开,共同推进国家环境保护义务的实现。

Origin and Meaning of State Obligation of Environmental Protection

The first lawsuit brought by a citizen against an environmental protection agency for failing to control air pollution in China highlights the conflict between legal judgments and public opinion in the field of environmental protection and the need to give a theoretical interpretation of the state obligation of environmental protection. The state obligation of environmental protection can be deduced not simply on the basis of the "fundamental rights/state obligation" system, but on the basis of the practical needs of state tasks. The basic state environmental policy is the constitutional norm on the state obligation of environmental protection, as well as a "state objective clause" that constitutes a restriction on all state powers. The state obligation of environmental protection consists of three parts: the obligation of maintaining the status quo, the obligation of defense against danger, and the obligation of risk prevention. Currently "legislation plus administration" is the basic approach to the fulfillment of state obligation of environment protection in China. The basic state environmental policy in China is provided for in Article 26 and Article 9 Paragraph 2 of the current Chinese Constitution, which have the legal effect of "state objective clause". At the current stage, the state task of environmental protection should be carried out in accordance the newly-revised Environmental Protection Law and focused on the maintenance of the status quo, defense against danger and risk precaution.