论《民法典(草案)》主体制度的双层结构与立法完善

正在编纂的《中华人民共和国民法典(草案)》采用抽象主体与具体主体双层结构,具有进步意义,但该双层结构仍不完善,存在抽象主体不彻底、具体主体不系统以及总体上重抽象主体轻具体主体的问题。抽象主体与具体主体共同构成了当今民事主体的不同层次。抽象主体代表人类的平等理想,是实现私法自治的必要假设;具体主体代表人类的差异现实,是实现区别调整的必要设定。该法典应当在坚持抽象主体理想的同时着力关怀每一类具体主体。总则编的主体部分应当增加一章规定妇女、消费者、商主体等具体主体,还应创设涵盖法人和非法人组织的非自然人,以与自然人相对应。民事法律适用时,应当优先审查法律中是否有具体主体的规定,如无,则适用抽象主体的规定。

On the Double-layer Structure of the Subject System in the Civil Code( Draft) and Its Legislative Improvement

The adoption of the double-layer structure of abstract subject and concrete subject in Civil Code(Draft)of China is of progressive significance,but such structure is still imperfect because the abstract subject is not thorough,the concrete subject is not systematic,and in general,the abstract subject attracts more importance than the concrete subject does.The abstract subject and the concrete subject constitute the different levels of the present civil subject.The abstract subject represents the equality ideal of human beings and is the necessary hypothesis to realize the autonomy of private law,while the concrete subject represents the different reality of human beings and is the necessary setting to realize the differentiated adjustment.The civil code should care about each concrete subject while adhering to the ideal of the abstract subject at the same time.In the main part of the general principles of civil law,a chapter should be added to stipulate concrete subjects such as women,consumers and businesses.The civil code should also create non-natural persons covering incorporated organizations and unincorporated organizations in correspondence to natural persons.When applying the law,we should first examine whether there is a provision on the concrete subject in the law,and the answer is no,the provisions on the abstract subject should be applied.